We all learned in elementary school that the Pilgrims came to America so that they could practice their religion without persecution. They were willing to put up with hardships as they left their homes and countries in order to live their religion. We take great pride in these stories of America as a haven for those seeking freedom.
The most celebrated proponent of religious freedom in the colonial era was Roger Williams. He purchased land from the Narragansett Indians, where he then set up a new colony which established religious liberty and separation of church and state as founding principals. This colony became Rhode Island which was a haven for religious minorities, which included Baptists, Quakers, Jews and others.
A century later his ideas inspired the founding fathers to include freedom of religion in the Bill of Rights as part of the First Amendment to the Constitution.
From its inception in American history, freedom of religion actually meant freedom from the dominant religions of the time. The religious refugees were escaping mainstream European and Christian religions such as the Anglican church or the Catholic church.
Stop and think about that for a minute. The first Amendment was written to protect people from forced participation in mainstream Protestantism. It was meant to protect minority religions and minority religious viewpoints from the majority.
Frequently, religious values seep into our legal system. This is inevitable, and even desirable, because religious values are often human values. ‘Thou shalt not kill’ makes sense regardless of what religion you adhere to. ‘Thou shalt not steal’, or ‘bear false witness’, have implications on a society in general, that make them subject to legal codification.
On the flip side, there are numerous laws that actually restrict religious practice. Mormons in the late 1800’s experienced this when the federal government imprisoned church leaders for practicing plural marriage. Native Americans experienced this when they were forced to fight for their right to use a hallucinogenic drug, peyote, in their religious rituals as they had been doing for hundreds of years. Jehovah’s Witnesses experience this today when their children are forced to receive blood transfusions in life-threatening situations, as do Christian Scientists when they are forced to allow medical treatment of their children. Muslim taxi drivers in Minnesota are forced to transport people who carry alcohol against their religious objections. Muslims and Fundamentalist Mormons are both restricted from legal polygamy and from marrying under-age brides. All of these are cases where the adherents have every right to their belief, but they are restricted in their practice. The justification for these restrictions is that a religious practice is violating the rights of another person or harming society.
‘Religious liberty’ has never meant the right of a majority religion (or religions) to impose religious practices or religious rules on non-adherents. In America, we can be sure that Catholics can’t make birth control illegal, even though they are the largest religion. We can be sure that if Muslims become a dominant religion in any community, they still can’t require all women to cover their heads or impose Sharia law. We can be sure that if Amish are a majority in some community, they can’t impose their lifestyle on non-Amish living there.
In the case of marriage laws, there are many dominant religions who define marriage as one-man/one-woman. However, there are several religions who define it differently and bless same-sex marriages. The irony is, if a religious freedom argument were relevant, then it would actually work in favor of same-sex marriage. The Supreme Court will never be able to justify forcing any religion to adopt a practice of performing marriages that it does not believe in. But, more importantly, if religious freedom is grounds for interference around marriage, the Supreme Court should protect those minority religions that do want to perform same-sex marriages (as well as those that don’t). This is consistent with the principles of religious liberty and separation of church and state that inspired our founding fathers to write the first amendment–in order to protect minority religions from the dominant religions.
So far, religious liberty has not often been used in courts as a rationale for same-sex marriage. However, the United Church of Christ did exactly that last year in a lawsuit in North Carolina when they pointed out that their religion freedom was being restricted by the same-sex marriage ban. (This argument is now moot due to the recent Supreme Court decision.)
Meanwhile, marriage equality opponents may ultimately find that this ‘religious freedom’ argument is counterproductive to their aims. Religious freedom will only add more weight to marriage equality. The constitution was set up to protect us from a state religion. Even if there were only one or two religions in the USA that practiced same-sex marriage they would be entitled to the same protection as all the other religions.
So my advice to marriage equality opponents is this: Don’t go there. Claiming that the definition of marriage should conform to religious definitions not only helps the case for marriage equality, but it opens the door to recognition of polygamist marriages. Our current laws restricting marriage to two adults are based on the secular observation that monogamy is better for society. The benefits to society were not found to be sufficient to prevent interracial or same-sex marriages, so the court had to eliminate those bans based on equal protection. However, the ban against polygamy does have some very strong and cohesive arguments to help justify it. These include the following:
—If practiced widely, polygamy leaves too many unmarried men, which is destabilizing for a society. Basically, the rich and powerful get all the wives, leaving a population of unsatisfied men who are motivated to disrupt the system. This is the outcome for most young men raised by fundamentalist Mormons. They handle their surplus of men by chasing away many of their teen boys, who then become vagrants with no family.
—No one fundamentally needs to enter a plural marriage. There is no primary orientation as in the case of same-sex marriage. Everybody in a polygamist marriage could enter a happy monogamous marriage that matches their orientation. Therefore, as individual rights and equal protection go, a ban on polygamy doesn’t demonstrate the same level of discrimination when compared to same-sex marriages.
—Research could determine if children of polygamist families, as a whole, are at a disadvantage compared to other children.
—Women in polygamist societies are almost universally disenfranchised and have little choice in their marriage decisions.
—There are tons of restrictions to marriage. You can’t marry close family members. You can’t marry children. You can’t marry people who are married to somebody else. These are fair rules. There are few people who would argue that there should be no restrictions.
All of these arguments against recognizing polygamy could get trumped by a strong appeal to religious freedom. There would be a much higher standard required to show that plural marriages are really causing harm to society in order to justify a ban. I don’t think that is where the LDS Church and the evangelical Christians are hoping their fight will lead, but their own actions could help push it there.
Another factor to consider is the role religious freedom plays in different regions of the world. Consider the regions where Mormonism is thriving. North America, Europe and Latin America are all pluralistic societies that are very conducive to the growth of Mormonism. These are the countries with the most religious freedom. They are also the countries where LGBT rights and marriage equality are making the fastest advances. This is no accident. Religious freedom and LGBT rights go hand in hand. In contrast, Muslim countries, by forcing their religious beliefs into the public sphere, make the presence of Mormonism impossible. They also make the pursuit of LGBT rights impossible. Africa and the former Soviet Union are two regions where religious liberty and LGBT rights are being severely curtailed. The same forces that are making life difficult for LGBT people in Russia and Nigeria are also hurting Mormons. These are the regions where Mormons are truly at risk for persecution due to their religion. None of this is an accident. A real pluralistic society embraces genuine religious freedom which also ends up protecting LGBT people and their rights. This is beneficial to Mormons. This is beneficial to LGBT. It is a life or death matter for both communities. We need to unite and fight for religious minorities and sexual minorities in those countries where both Mormons and LGBT people are persecuted.
So remember this: freedom of religion is here to protect you from my religion, AND to protect me from your religion. Remember that we live in a country that doesn’t ban birth control or pork. We live in a country where women can walk in the streets without their head covered and can drive cars. We live in a country that does not let any religion dictate our rights or force religious practices on non-adherents. We want it to stay that way. Let’s rejoice that we live in a pluralistic society. Let’s rejoice that different religions can have different beliefs about same-sex marriage and so many other issues and that no one can force their beliefs on others. That is what religious freedom really means.
I should also suggest people read Michael Austin’s post in By Common Consent blog yesterday (linked below) on Secularism, which complements this blog post nicely, and adds some other relevant history. One important note to add is that without a secular state, Joseph Smith would not have been able to found the Mormon church. Mormonism is a huge beneficiary from secularism. So Mormons should be the first to defend separation of church and state both at home and abroad.
http://bycommonconsent.com/2015/06/28/secularism-won-and-its-a-good-thing-too/
Lots of good points here. I'm LDS, but I am pretty heterodox in a lot of my beliefs. For one, I have a Facebook advocate group called Cannabis: Not Just For Stoners and Cancer Patients. For another, I am a big supporter of equal marriage rights for EVERYONE – including plural marriages.
The way I see it, if it were made legal for more people, practice would be no longer mostly restricted to the sort of insular groups which build up the whole culture of turning it into more of a control thing than a love-and-family thing. We would still have plenty of folks about who prefer the monogamous route, and we would also have those in society who don't feel that sex needs to be within the confines of marriage, or even those who aren't interested in any romantic or physical relationships. (I'm thinking of the MGTOW movement, about which I have only recently become aware, and not sure I fully understand it yet.)
I wonder about the potential for plural marriage to become a more stable institution, were it legalized or at least decriminalized. Oh, and another group I forgot… there are also women out there who are interested in the idea of having more than one husband.
Just some thoughts there 🙂 Thanks for a great article!
Sophina Drake,
I totally agree with decriminalizing polygamy. Hiding polygamy makes it easier to hide abuses such as sexual abuse and forced marriages. Decriminalizing would give practitioners incentive to avoid these other harmful practices in trade-off for the convenience of living more openly.
Daniel, the only thing I can add is, "thanks for putting it so simple", dreadfully, to too many people, their religious doctrine gets in the way of any rationality what so ever. Again, thanks. I say lastly, "Live and let live", worry about your sins that I will worry about mine.