Like many I know, I’ve spent the past couple of weeks watching the World Cup. I am a loyal fan of Team USA. During that same time period, I’ve joined many other Mormons in reading official statements, opinions, interviews, articles, and Facebook posts dealing with the loyalty-based disciplinary actions initiated against Kate Kelly and John Dehlin. I have a great many thoughts on the matter, most of which end in question marks. I don’t want to comment specifically on their cases, and I don’t think I can add much to what has already been very well-discussed here online and in person all throughout the church. This is an incredibly personal issue, one that is stunning both in its complexity and implications for us all.
In pondering my group affiliations with varying levels importance to my life and salvation–USA soccer, my Mormon community, my fellow iPhone owners, etc.–my goal for this post is to introduce a model that has intrigued me in its relevance (or lack thereof) to communities of faith. A few summers ago I was introduced to the work of the German economist Albert O. Hirschman. He was interested in the study of organizations, particularly how members of an organization can express dissatisfaction regarding the “quality” of that organization’s “goods”:
[M]embers of an organization, whether a business, a nation or any other form of human grouping, have essentially two possible responses when they perceive that the organization is demonstrating a decrease in quality or benefit to the member: they can exit (withdraw from the relationship); or, they can voice (attempt to repair or improve the relationship through communication of the complaint, grievance or proposal for change).[ref]Wikipedia: Exit, Voice, and Loyalty: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exit,_Voice,_and_Loyalty[/ref]
It is important to note here that Hirschman’s model isn’t about the quality of organizations, or about the perception of that quality, but rather about what members can do when they see problems or issues, as well as the effects of those actions on the organization.
The underlying dynamic of exit and voice does seem to ring true in our religious context–questions or problems about doctrine, practice, history, etc. can lead to separation or voice, and sometimes both (though Hirschman argues that post-exit voice is significantly weaker than voice without exit). The relationship between exit and voice has important implications, according to Hirschman, because of the value of the voices most likely to exit:
[Those] customers who care most about the quality of the product and who, therefore, are those who would be the most active, reliable, and creative agents of voice are for that very reason also those who are apparently likely to exit first in case of deterioration.[ref]quoted here: http://rajivsethi.blogspot.com/2010/04/astonishing-voice-of-albert-hirschman.html[/ref]
This is made more clear by a specific example that rings just as true today as it did decades ago when he was writing. The problems of exit, he says,
might apply to public schools in a U.S. community where the most “quality-education-conscious” parents pulled their children out and put them in private schools. Their exit might goad school administrators into action, but the loss of their voice would likely have a much greater negative impact. [ref]as described on the Harvard Business Review blog: http://blogs.hbr.org/2012/12/exit-voice-and-albert-o-hirsch[/ref]
Exit does send a message, but that message contains far less context or content than does the message sent by way of voice. The “exit” and “voice” dynamic makes good sense for public schools–the most quality-conscious will leave upon discovering low quality, thus ultimately leaving the schools with little constructive quality-related input. But it raises questions in my mind when I start to think about it in relation to the church. For example, what constitutes “quality” in the church, and who cares the most about that quality? Is there only one type of quality, and if so, who decides what that type is? Are some members exiting because they are quality-conscious? What makes the quality-conscious members stay? What is “voice” in the church, and where should that voice be expressed? And what is the role of feedback from members in the first place? What is the role of members in the revelatory process? Based on recent Church statements, it does seem like members are being actively consulted on a range of issues, so it seems like members have at least some role, as I’ve suggested before in a sacrament meeting talk I posted previously.
The third point of Hirschman’s tripartite model is loyalty:
[Loyalty] can “neutralize within certain limits the tendency of the most quality conscious customers or members to be the first to exit.”
Loyalty to a school (maybe team spirit or alumni status) might help keep the quality-conscious parents from exiting, and thus keep their voice and its benefit to the group.[ref]As much research has demonstrated, the loss or lack of different voice or identity can be quite detrimental to groups. A recent BYU study, for example, found that “the mere presence of a newcomer who is socially distinct can really shake up the group dynamic. That leads to discomfort, but also to a better process that ultimately yields superior outcomes.” (quoted here: http://news.byu.edu/archive09-Mar-liljenquist.aspx)[/ref] In the church, loyalty might take the shape of close relationships, a testimony, a desire for a testimony, a fulfilling calling, etc. In other words, while there might still be perceived problems or issues, “loyalty” stems the tide of exit, and in Hirschman’s model the benefit is the impact this has on voice: those who grapple with the problems can resort to voice rather than exit. Too much loyalty can, however, be counterproductive:
since “the effectiveness of the voice mechanism is strengthened by the possibility of exit,” too much loyalty will stifle voice.”[ref]quoted here: http://rajivsethi.blogspot.com/2010/04/astonishing-voice-of-albert-hirschman.html[/ref]
We have all experienced the voice-stifling effects of loyalty when talking about politics with an extra-loyal partisan (“all our problems can be blamed on Republicans!/Democrats!/Government!/Corporations!”) or discussing the quality of officiating with a loyal fan whose team lost a big game (“those refs lost us the game!”).
I don’t know if I can state definitively when voice is appropriate and when it isn’t in our church. I don’t feel comfortable making grand claims in either direction about the “quality” of the “product” being offered by the church. Like any organization that engages human beings in any significant way, the organization of the church has imperfection built in. I’ve made peace with that: I’m a believer in the importance of organizations to coordinate, teach, serve, maintain, innovate, and collaborate, and problems and issues will abound whenever we fallible humans are involved in any way. That’s part of the challenge of life–to love imperfect people along with their mistakes, even when we don’t think they deserve our love. Especially then.
I am very interested in the relationship of exit, voice, and loyalty to the faith community that I love. While I won’t draw any conclusions here, I will make one observation: there are two types of loyal member in Hirschman’s model. Loyalty exists in the members plugging along exercising neither voice nor exit, and it is manifest the ones exercising voice about particular perceived issues.[ref]Or, as Hirschman says it: For competition (exit) to work as a mechanism of recuperation from performance lapses, it is generally best for a firm to have a mixture of alert and inert customers. The alert customers provide the firm with a feedback mechanism which starts the effort at recuperation while the inert customers provide it with the time and dollar cushion needed for this effort to come to fruition. (quoted here: http://rajivsethi.blogspot.com/2010/04/astonishing-voice-of-albert-hirschman.html)[/ref]
And now, a thought experiment: take an Apple customer. If the iPhone 6 comes out later on this year and is severely problematic and even unusable to some, Apple customers have a few choices: 1) Buy the new iPhone anyway and trust that Apple will sort things out. 2) Exit. Either from just the iPhone, or from the whole Apple ecosystem. 3) Voice. Stay loyal to the brand, but also express feelings and questions in hopes that the appointed leaders will hear them and make a change. 4) Claim to be the CEO of Apple and begin to make the changes themselves. Whether a person does #1 or #3 they are being loyal to Apple. The other two options are entirely different, and are outside the realm of loyalty. This is the challenge when it comes to the church: where is the boundary between #3 and #4? Some think that expressing any disagreement with any leader is #4. If so, then is there no option for #3?
Voice represents loyalty just as much as silence does.[ref]In other words, suggesting that people who exercise their voice should just leave is missing the fundamental motivation of exercising that voice: to maintain loyalty rather than choose exit.[/ref]
What do you think? What is the role of voice in our church?
Great post. As I have experienced my own faith transition, as well as watching friends and loved ones close to me have theirs, I find myself like you unsure of which answer to offer. However my prevailing wish is that less people would choose the exit strategy. I know it seems in our own wards, families, and communities that each of us maybe the minority voice, but if all who exited had stayed and gently used their voice would there have been a different result. Did those who exited create part of the one sidedness that it feels like in our present community.
I also thought a lot about entrances while I read your piece, years ago a large corporation that I worked for had an unspoken model of encouragement for new comers. It was – “Speak Up – tell us what you see.” The idea was that new comers have fresh eyes, ears, and insights. The company was aware that habits form and life becomes complacent. The complacency leads to apathy – and soon you are nothing more than a production line. When the product becomes obsolete so do you. Now in fairness, we didn’t reinvent the wheel every time someone walked in the door, but conversations, ideas, etc were welcomed. Some things that were suggested at first were not always included, but sometimes over time that idea resurfaced, as if fate had waited for the perfect moment. During the years of that style of leadership this company was consistently among the Fortune 500 leaders in the area. Ironically the companies demise came when voices were no longer accepted. Pretty soon they withered and died. No market existed for their product and they had no fresh ideas to work with.
I see your post as being valuable even if we don’t have conclusions. Thanks for your voice.