A Little Background

This is the final of three articles.  The first article looked at how Jesus’ ministry to the Nephites begins with three chapters quoted from the New Testament, being the Sermon on the Mount as found in Matthew 5-7; how those chapters are not just filler, but how pieces of the New Testament chapters are “brushed forward” and found in approximately 15 places throughout the rest of his subsequent teachings. (To read the first article, click here.)

The second article explored how Jesus’ ministry to the Nephites ends with three chapters quoted from the Old Testament, being Isaiah 54 and Malachi 3 and 4; how those chapters are not just filler either, but how pieces of the Old Testament chapters are “brushed backward” and found in numerous places in his previously recorded teachings and deeds. (To read the second article, click here.)

So while the author was recording this ministry in 3 Nephi, he was apparently able to “brush forward” from the New Testament chapters while simultaneously “brushing backward” from the Old Testament chapters.  forward and back (abstract art)This indicates a high degree of structure, sophistication and planning.  It is not what one would expect from a narrative being dictated off the cuff.

Adding to the complexity of the narrative is the fact that a readily identifiable structure appears to be superimposed on the text.  This article will explore this structure.

A Brief Tangent

In order to talk about the structure, I first have to talk to about the use in the Book of Mormon of what is sometimes called “resumption” in the text.  Readers of the Book of Mormon are well aware there are times in the plot line where the author digresses from the main point and begins to wander off on a tangent.  Close readers of the Book of Mormon are aware that, seemingly without fail, the author always comes back to the point and “resumes” his discussion from where he broke off, no matter how long it takes him to do so.

We have all had the experience of talking with someone and going off on a tangent, then trying to remember what we were saying originally.  Sometimes we remember.  Sometimes we don’t.  Sometimes we ask the person we are talking to if they remember.  It can be frustrating.  I am one of those people who as often as not can’t remember what I was talking about before I went off on the tangent.  Tangent 5Perhaps that is why it is so impressive to me that the Book of Mormon seems to always remember.

For instance, 1 Nephi 5:10 says that Lehi “prophesied many things concerning his seed.”  The text then goes off on a tangent of how Nephi and his father kept the commandments and obtained the brass plates; then Nephi’s statement that he will write the things of God on the small plates and not go into too much detail about more wordly things because they are in the record of his father, and that he will command his “seed” to do the same.  This digression goes from 1 Nephi 5:20 all the way through 1 Nephi 6 (an admittedly short chapter), but sure enough, when we get to 1 Nephi 7:1, the subject is resumed with the words, “And now, I would that ye might know that after my father, Lehi, had made an end of prophesying concerning his seed . . ..”

Another example is 2 Nephi 26:1 which speaks of the time “After Christ shall have risen from the dead he shall show himself unto you, my children, and my beloved brethren.”  A digression follows until it picks up on this subject again, resuming in verse 9, “But the Son of righteousness shall appear unto them; and he shall heal them, and they shall have peace with him.”

Now, to the point—a classic example of this “resumption” is found in 3 Nephi where in 16:16-17, Jesus says, “Verily, verily, I say unto you, thus hath the Father commanded me—that I should give unto this people this land for their inheritance. And then the words of the prophet Isaiah shall be fulfilled, . . .” (Three verses of Isaiah are then quoted to complete chapter 16.)

Then ensues a lengthy digression of three chapters , where at the beginning of chapter 17, Jesus says the people can’t understand his words right now, so he is going to give them the night to think about it, because he has to go to his Father, and then to the ten tribes of Israel.  But I DigressBut the people long for him to stay, so chapters 17-18 are filled with things that Jesus did and taught the Nephites at the end of the first day but after he had originally planned to leave.  Jesus finally leaves at the end of chapter 18.  Chapter 19 has the Nephites going out to gather in everybody to the temple so they can be there the next day when Jesus arrives; then the disciples teach the assembled crowd what Jesus taught them the day before; all are baptized; and a great deal of praying ensues, during which Jesus joins them in prayer and offers his own intercessory prayer to the Father, which continues into the first ten verses of chapter 20, where the sacrament is again provided and partaken of by the multitude.

So, what was it Jesus was talking about right before he intended to leave the Nephites the first time in 3 Nephi 16:16-17?  You can be forgiven if you have to look back to check.  Imagine how much more difficult it would be to remember if you had read all of 3 Nephi 16:18 through 3 Nephi 20:10 before being asked this question.

But the Book of Mormon remembers with absolute clarity and “resumes” the discussion with Jesus saying, “Behold now I finish the commandment which the Father hath commanded me concerning this people, who are a remnant of the house of Israel.  Ye remember that I spake unto you, and said that when the words of Isaiah should be fulfilled . . . (3 Nephi 20:10b-11a.)  Jesus even makes it clear that he is referring back to what he said three chapters before (“Ye remember that I spake unto you”) and sure enough, he does.

The Literary Structure of Jesus’ Nephite Ministry

This resumption of the narrative in 3 Nephi ends up playing a part in the overall structure of Jesus’ ministry.  football diagramThe structure resembles a chiasmus.  It would be too much to say that it is a perfect chiasmus, but the obvious pairing of events and teachings is present as shown below, and appears to be of such a nature as to indicate an intentional structuring on the part of the author.

A–(Chapter 11) Jesus appears to the Nephites; his first order of business is to do away with contention (regarding the proper mode of baptism); and he sets for this doctrine (consisting of faith, baptism and receiving the Holy Ghost).

B–(12-14) Jesus cites three chapters of New Testament text

C–(16) Jesus teaches of the scattering and gathering of Israel in last days

D–(16:16-20) Jesus introduces three verses from Isaiah (beginning of digression mentioned above)

E–(17) Jesus heals and prays for the people in words to sublime to be recorded.

F–(17:24) Angels come down and minister to little ones who are encircled with fire.

G–(18) Jesus introduces sacrament and departs

H–(19:1-13) All night, word goes out and people gather to temple the next day where 12 disciples teach  them what  Jesus taught, baptize them, and Jesus appears again in verse 15.

F’—(19:14) Angels come down and minister to 12 disciples who are encircled with fire.

E’—(19:16-36) Jesus appears and once more there is a prayer fest in which Jesus prays words to sublime to be recorded.

G’—(20:1-10) The sacrament is again administered.

D’—(20:11) Jesus picks up again on where he left off with the three verses of Isaiah.

C’—(20:12-chapter 22) Jesus teaches concerning the scattering and gathering of Israel in the last days.

B’—(22-25) Jesus cites three chapters from Old Testament.

A’—(27) Jesus appears to Nephite disciples, does away with contention (regarding the name of his church), and sets forth his gospel (13-21), which is the same as the “doctrine” he set forth in chapter 11.

Conclusion

It is hard to see this structure as anything other than intentionally superimposed on the narrative.  If this is the case, it means that at one and the same time as the ministry of Jesus was being dictated by Joseph Smith: (1) The New Testament chapters are cited first and “brushed forward” throughout the balance of Jesus’ ministry; (2) The Old Testament chapters are cited at the end and are “brushed backward” throughout the preceding recounting of Jesus’ ministry and acts; and, interlocking squares(3) All of this is happening within the constraints of the literary structure described above being superimposed on the whole.

While there is one New Testament reference that occurs prior to the New Testament chapters being cited, and at least one Old Testament passage possibly forming the economic system of 4 Nephi which follows, the above is a fairly accurate synopsis of the situation presented by the text of 3 Nephi 8-27.

I am not arguing here that there is no way Joseph Smith could have done this.  What I am arguing is that whoever did this created a literary masterpiece.

 

Corbin Volluz lives in the beautiful foothills of the Cascade Mountains in western Washington state. He has been practicing law for 25-years with a focus on criminal defense and personal injury. Corbin joined the LDS Church in June of 1978, shortly after the lifting of the priesthood ban, and has been studying Mormonism ever since. He has been published in several venues, including the Journal of Book of Mormon Studies and BYU-Studies.

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